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Effect of .. on aerodynamics

Lowering vehicle height by 30 mm.
Smooth wheel covers
Wide tires
Windows flush with exterior
Sealing body gaps
Underbody panels
Concealed headlamps
Outside rearview mirrors
Airflow through radiator and engine compartment
Brake cooling devices
Interior ventilation
Open windows
Open sunroof
Roof-mounted surfboard rack

delta c_w in %

approx. -5 (better car aerodynamics)
-1...-3 (better car aerodynamics)
+2...+4 (worse car aerodynamics)
approx. -1 (better car aerodynamics)
-2...-5 (better vehicle aerodynamics)
-1...-7 (better vehicle aerodynamics)
+3...+10 (worse vehicle aerodynamics)
+2...+5 (worse aerodynamics)
+4...+14 (worse vehicle aerodynamics)
+2...+5 (worse car aerodynamics)
approx. +1 (worse car aerodynamics)
approx. +5 (worse vehicle aerodynamics)
approx. +2 (worse vehicle aerodynamics)
approx. +40 (worse vehicle aerodynamics)

Windshield
slope

50 deg.
55 deg.
65 deg.
40 deg.
30 deg.
0 deg.
 

c_w

0.345
0.342
0.340
0.349
0.349
0.369

delta c_w in %

--
- 0.8
- 1.4
+ 1.1
+ 1.1
+ 7.0